;
;   CIVILIZATION CIVILOPEDIA TEXT
;   Copyright (c) 1995 by MicroProse Software
;
;   Altering the contents of this file may cause the
;   game to malfunction.
;

@PEDIAPICKCIV
@width=540
@columns=3
@listbox
@title=Civilopedia: Civilization Advances

@PEDIACIV
@width=480
@title=Civilization Advance
^^%STRING0
^


@PEDIACIVFACTS
^Allows government form of same name.
^Allows settlers to build fortresses.
^Allows settlers to build airbases.
^Allows settlers to build railroads.
^Allows settlers to improve farmland.
^Increases the effect of temples.
^Increases the effect of colosseums.
^Worth bonus points in Civilization score.
^Increases ship movement rates by one.
^Improves Spaceship thrust by 25%.
^Free civ. advance for first civ. to discover.
^Decreases the effect of Cathedrals.
^Cancels the effect of


@PEDIAPICKUNIT
@width=540
@columns=3
@listbox
@title=Civilopedia: Unit Types

@PEDIAUNIT
@width=480
@title=Unit Type
^^%STRING0
^

@PEDIAUNITFACTS
^Can see units two spaces away.
^Ignores enemy Zones of Control.
^Can make amphibious landings.
^Invisible to most enemy ships.
^Can attack aircraft in flight.
^May be lost out of sight of land.
^Ignores City Walls.
^Can carry friendly air units.
^Can make paradrops.
^Treats all squares as road squares.
^Defense +50% versus units with a movement factor of 2.
^Only Fundamentalist governments can build.
^Destroyed after attacking.
^Defense +100% versus air and missile units.
^Can spot enemy submarines in adjacent squares.


@PEDIAPICKGOVT
@width=480
@listbox
@title=Civilopedia: Governments


@PEDIAPICKIMPROVE
@width=540
@columns=3
@listbox
@title=Civilopedia: City Improvements

@PEDIAIMPROVE
@width=480
@title=City Improvement
^^%STRING0
^

@;Palace
@PEDIAIMPROVE1
Eliminates corruption and waste in the city,
and decreases it in all nearby cities.

@;Barracks
@PEDIAIMPROVE2
City produces Veteran ground units. Ground units can
be completely repaired in a single turn.

@;Granary
@PEDIAIMPROVE3
Only half of city's food store is depleted when
city increases in size.

@;Mosque
@PEDIAIMPROVE4
Up to two discontented citizens are made content.

@;Marketplace
@PEDIAIMPROVE5
Increases tax and luxury output by 50%%.

@;Library
@PEDIAIMPROVE6
Increases science output by 50%%.

@;Courthouse
@PEDIAIMPROVE7
Decreases corruption by 50%%. Makes city more resistant
to bribery by enemy diplomats and spies. Under Democracy,
one content citizen becomes happy.

@;City Walls
@PEDIAIMPROVE8
Units in city are tripled on defense versus ground attacks.

@;Aqueduct
@PEDIAIMPROVE9
Allows city to increase beyond size 8.

@;Bank
@PEDIAIMPROVE10
Increases tax and luxury output by an
additional 50%% (cumulative w/ Marketplace).

@;Catholic Cathedral
@PEDIAIMPROVE11
Makes four unhappy citizens content (Three after Communism).

@;School
@PEDIAIMPROVE12
Increases science output by an additional
50%% (cumulative w/ Library).

@;Mass Transit
@PEDIAIMPROVE13
Eliminates pollution caused by population.

@;Orthodox Cathedral
@PEDIAIMPROVE14
Three unhappy citizens are made content
(four w/ Electronics).

@;Craftmans' Quater
@PEDIAIMPROVE15
Increases resource production in city by 50%%.

@;Mfg. Plant
@PEDIAIMPROVE16
Increases resource production by an additional 50%%
(cumulative w/ Factory).

@;SDI Defense
@PEDIAIMPROVE17
Protects everything within three spaces of
the city from nuclear attack.

@;Recycling Center
@PEDIAIMPROVE18

@;Patriarchal Diocese
@PEDIAIMPROVE19
Increases craftmans' quater output by 50%%.

@;Hydro Plant
@PEDIAIMPROVE20


@;Nuclear Plant
@PEDIAIMPROVE21

@;Merchants' Quater
@PEDIAIMPROVE22
Increases tax & luxuries output by an additional
50%% (cumulative with Marketplace & Bank for a grand
total of 150%%).

@;Sewer System
@PEDIAIMPROVE23
Allows city to grow beyond size 12.

@;Plantations
@PEDIAIMPROVE24
Allows squares in the city's radius with
the "farmland" improvement (irrigated twice)
to produce 50%% more food.

@;Custom-house
@PEDIAIMPROVE25
All squares in the city's radius with roads
(or railroads) produce 50%% more trade.

@;University
@PEDIAIMPROVE26
Increases science output by an additional 50%%
(cumulative with Library and University for a
grand total of 150%%).

@;SAM Missile Battery
@PEDIAIMPROVE27
Units in city are doubled on defense against
air units and non-nuclear missile units.

@;Coastal Fortress
@PEDIAIMPROVE28
Units in city are doubled on defense against
shore bombardment by enemy ships.

@;Solar Plant
@PEDIAIMPROVE29
Increases factory output by 50%%.  Cleaner
than all other forms of power.

@;Harbor
@PEDIAIMPROVE30
All ocean squares in the city's radius
produce one extra unit of food.

@;Sea Resources
@PEDIAIMPROVE31
All ocean squares in the city's radius
produce one shield.

@;Airport
@PEDIAIMPROVE32
City produces veteran air units.
Any air unit spending its entire turn in the city
is completely repaired.

@;Heretic Cathedral
@PEDIAIMPROVE33
Decreases unhappiness caused by troops away from city by 1.

@;Port Facility
@PEDIAIMPROVE34
City produces veteran naval units.
Any ship spending its entire turn in the city is
completely repaired.

@;nic
@PEDIAIMPROVE35

@;nic
@PEDIAIMPROVE36

@;nic
@PEDIAIMPROVE37

@;Capitalization
@PEDIAIMPROVE38
Converts production into trade.

@;Pyramids
@PEDIAIMPROVE39
Counts as a Granary in every one of your cities.

@;St.Peter's Cathedral
@PEDIAIMPROVE40
One extra happy citizen in every city.
It was one of the largest churches of the Christian East,and a place where
the /false, of course/ Holy Lance was found.

@;Jupiter's Temple
@PEDIAIMPROVE41
City produces one extra trade arrow in each square that
already produces one.
Ancient inhabitants of Kanaan used to pray to Baal, god of fertility /fercundity?/
and the Sun. He was a twin-brother of Egyptian god Amon, and enemy of Mot, god of 
Death and infertility /sterility, bareness?/. The first temple was devoted to Him.
During the age of Alexander the Great, Baal "transformed" into Helios, Greek god
of Sun. Later, He received Roman name- Jupiter. And it's Romans who have built
the temple. The works started during the reign of August /the city was now called:
"Iulia Augusta Felix Heliopolis"/. Emperors: Caracalla and Philpus The Arabian have
finished the building. All Acropolis used to look very impressive. The temple of 
Jupiter used to be the main temple of Baalbek's sacral centre. It was built on "tell"- 
a hill that rose of ruins of buildings which used to stand on its place in past.
In front of the temple, between little pools and before tall tower, used to stand 
the altar. Behind the tower, there was big, six- cornered courtyard, from which,
by great gate /in Polish we call those "propyleje", but I don't know how they're 
called in English/ and steps, You could go out. On the left side of Jupiter's 
temple, a temple of Bacchus used to stand. And it still stands... Unfortunatelly,
the temple of Jupiter wasn't that lucky. Of 52 collumns, only six are still 
standing. But still, they look amazing, and they are a part of Libanonian device.

@;Lighthouse
@PEDIAIMPROVE42
Triremes can move across oceans w/o danger, and all other
types of ship have their movement rate increased by one.
Also, all new ships you produce receive veteran status.

@;Great Library
@PEDIAIMPROVE43
---

@;The Control Over Al-Hijaz
@PEDIAIMPROVE44
Doubles the effect of all of your mosques.
Control over Al-Hijaz, with holy cities, Mecca and Medina, allowed rulers of
Egypt to present Al-Kaba with their covers /kiswas/; it used to be the greatest 
honour for Moslem rulers/ and their names to be mentioned in sermons /chutbas/.
From year 1266 to 1926,every annual pilgrim caravan from Egypt to Mecca included 
empty, veiled lectique /mahmil/ - it was a symbol of supremacy over local dynasties.    

@;Hospitaliers' Castle
@PEDIAIMPROVE45
---
Hospitaliers' castle in Krak de Chevaliers /Hisn Al-Akrad, "Castle of the Kurds"/ 
was the strongest of all Christian castles in Outremer.Captured only by sultan
Baybars in 1271, it was till that time the shield protecting Libanonian coast
from Moslem attacks.
"The Krak of the Knights, described by T.E. Lawrence as 'the best preserved
and most wholly admirable castle in the world,' is the easternmost of a chain of
five castles sited so as to secure the Homs Gap...The castle stands upon a
southern spur of the Gebel Alawi, on the site of an earlier Islamic 'Castle of the
Kurds.' In 1142 it was given by Raymond, Count of Tripoli, into the care of the
Knights Hospitallers, and it was they who, during the ensuing fifty years,
remodelled and developed it as the most distinguished work of military
architecture of its time.
The Krak has two concentric lines of defence, the inner ramparts lying close to
the outer and continuously dominating them. The single ward of the original
eleventh-century castle covered about the same area as the later inner enclosure,
and some of the remains of the early work on the crest of the spur are
incorporated in the existing building. The outer curtain is furnished on the north
and west sides with eight round towers, of which one is later than the Crusader
occupation, and of which two form the north barbican, also extended at a later
date."
           /Sir Banister Fletcher. A History of Architecture. p356./

@;The True Cross
@PEDIAIMPROVE46
---
Relique of the cross, on which the Christ has died, used to be and still is the
greatest treasure of Christianity.It used to be kept in The Church Of The Holy
Grave. Before crusades captured Jerusalem for the first time, Iftichar ad-Daula
exiled all Christians from the city; Greek spirituals took the relique with them.
After capturing the city by crusaders, they came back, but didn't want to give it
to false, Latinist patriarch, Arnulf. He received The Cross after torturing them...
A part of it used to be taken by the kings of Jerusalem on war track to encourage 
soldiers. After battle of Hittin, most of it was captured by Saladin, which retourned
it to The Church Of The Holy Grave. However, some of it was hidden and returned to
crusaders.      

@;Crusade!
@PEDIAIMPROVE47

 


@;Basilica Of The Announcement
@PEDIAIMPROVE48
---
First known church was built there in II century, near to the "Houselet Of Mary".
In V century, on former church place, existed "modest but beautiful" basilica in   
Byzantine style, built by diakon Konon from Jerusalem. Destroyed by Persians in
year 614, it wasn't rebuilt till 1099, when Tankred, the prince of Galilea, built
over the "Houselet Of Mary" new basilica, much bigger /about 4,5 times/ and very
impressing. It contained "The Cave Of The Announcement" and former basilica.
Unfortunatelly, it was completly destroyed by sultan Baybars /although Mary, 
mother of Jezus, is for Moslems one of 4 "Ideal Women"/ in year 1263 and was not    
rebuilt till XVIII century.


@;The Great Mosque
@PEDIAIMPROVE49
Counts as a Cathedral in each of your cities.
History of this place feflects history of all Syria.About 3000 years ago 
it was a place of cult of Syrian god of storm, Hadad. After Roman conquest,
in I century before Christ, old building was turned into a temple to 
Jupiter. In IV century, emperor Teodosius builded there basilica of 
st.John /his head, as head of prophet Jahja,is kept in this mosque as its
greatest relique/. After Arabian conquest, basilica was anected by Moslems, 
and in year 705 caliph Al-Walid transformed it into the first miracle of 
Moslem world, great mosque of Damascus, thanks to the help of Byzantine 
emperor, who gave Caliph artisants needed to install Byzantine mosaics in 
mosque. This magnificient building, full of Christian remains, becamed a 
model for mosques all over the /Moslem/ world. Old towers of Christian 
basilica were the first minarets. And the highest of them is called Isa 
/Jezus in Arabian/ - according to one Moslem tradition, in the Judgement
Day, Jezus will stand on it and judge the World...

@;The Wall Of Crying
@PEDIAIMPROVE50
---
The Wall Of Crying /Kotel ha-Maaravi/ is the remaining part of west wall of Jerusalemian Temple, place 
very important for Christians, Jews and Moslems. Temple was built on Moria moultain. Its top is the 
rock in as-Sahra. where Abraham wanted to sacrifice his son, Isaac. It's also the place where the angel 
appeared to punish David. David built there an altar, situated there the Ark, and wanted to build there 
great temple, but it was Salomon, his son, who has done it /960-953 BC/.This temple, called "Syjon", was 
destroyed by Nabuchodonozor in year 587 BC. Seventy years later, Cyrus allowed Jews to come back to 
Jerusalem. Temple, rebuilt by Zorobabel, wasn't as wonderful as Salomon's, and it lacked the Ark. In year 
167 BC, this temple was changed by Syrian king Antioch Epiphanes IV, who changed it into temple to Zeus. 
After machabian rebel /165 BC/, things returned to normal position, and new holiday, Hanukka, was enacted.
In year 63, restauration of Temple was finished. But in year 70 AD, emp.Titus captured Jerusalem and 6.08 
the Temple was burned. Emp.Hadrian changed the city into Aelia Capitolina and built temple to Jupiter in 
place of the Temple. During Byzantime times, the Temple's square used to be the place where Jerusalemians 
were leaving their trashes. After capturing the city, caliph Omar built there first mosque, and after some 
time, mosques: as-Sakhra and el-Aqsa /read in Qubbat as-Sakhra/ were built. Al-Aqsa was the cradle of Knights 
Templars. There are also other places important to Christians: "The Top Of The Temple"- South-east corner, 
where Jezus was seduced, and where st.Jacob the Younger was killed /62/ and "The Court Of Pagans" from where 
Jezus drove out merchants. But the Temple has greatest meaning for Jews. The remaining wall was considered 
as holy already by rabbi Johannan ben Zakkai, short time after destruction of the rest of the Temple. Every 
year, 6.08., Jews are coming to the Wall to deplore their tragedy. Tradition says that the "Saint Presence" 
will never go away from this place. 

@;Western Navy
@PEDIAIMPROVE51
Movement rate of all ships is increased by two.

@:Qubbat as-Sakhra 
@PEDIAIMPROVE52
All unhappy citizens in city are content.
Qubbat as-Sakhra, The Dome On The Rock, was built for caliph Abd Al-Malik
in year 691, on the top of Moria moultain /in a place where ancient Jewish
Temple used to stand/, a place where Abraham wanted to sacrifice Isaac, and
where angel appeared to punish David. According to Jewish tradition, this
rock is the center of the World. According to Moslem tradition, in this rock
there are impressed signs of Mahomet's and Elias feets and Gabriel's hand.
Another Moslem tradition says that in the Judgement Day Kaaba from Mecca will
come to it, Gabriel will stand on it to proclaim the Judgement, and the rock 
will speak with human voice. In The Dome Moslems keep relique of the hair of
Mahomet's beard. Under the mosque, there is a cave where the Prophet was 
sleaping before He was taken to the Heaven. He was lifted through the aper-
ture in ceiling. But he succeaded by second time. When he tried to go to the
Heaven for the first time, he impressed a sign of his head on it.  
Shape and decorations of Qubbat as-Sakhra are masterpieces of Byzantine art 
/as Umajjads supported Greek tradition in art; only their succesors, Abbasids, 
who introduced Persian elements to Moslem art/. Qubbat as-Sahra is also 
remembered as place of great crusaders' sacrilege. After capturing Jerusalem 
/14.07.1099/, crusaders have killed all moslem inhabitants. They haven't spared 
those inside this temple, or the other great one, mosque Al-Aqsa. Also, all 
Jews were burned alive inside Great Synagogue. For next 88 years The Dome On 
The Rock was known as "Templum Domini", The Temple /church/ Of The Lord.    

@;Mosque Al-Aqsa
@PEDIAIMPROVE53
---
This mosque was built by caliph Abd al-Malik or Al-Walid, near to Qubbat as-Sahra.
Its name means "distant" because it is supposed to be the goal of Mahomet's pilgrimage 
to Jerusalem. Unfortunatelly, its history is so complicated, that nobody
really knows when it was exactly built and how exactly it looked. But, supposedly,
the main shape is original. What is interesting is that although it was built as
mosque, it has a shape of Christian basilica. It is like so because the architects 
were Jerusalemians, probably Christians. To fit it to Moslem prayer needs, six
additional naves were builded on each side of oratorium.
After Jerusalem was captured by crusaders in year 1099, it was changed into 
Christian church, and became the residance of Templar Order Knights.   

@;Church Of The Birth
@PEDIAIMPROVE54
Decreases unhappy citizens on same continent by 2 per city.
According to st.Justin, Christ was supposed to be born in
one of many caves around Bethleyem.Although he didn't give
any further information, Christians retained memory about 
which one of the caves would it be. To draw them away from
that place, emperor Hadrian built there temple to Adonis.
But in 326, it had been destroyed by the order of Christian 
empress Helena, and a Christian basilica was built on its
place. It was partially destroyed during the Samaritans'
rebel, but restaurated by emperor Justinian I. As Persians
recognised "three kings from the East" as their fellow-
countrymans, basilica was spared by them. Also, it wasn't
destroyed by Arabs. Captured by crusaders in 1099, it was
a place where two kings of Jerusalem, Baldwin I and Baldwin II
were crowned, and from year 1110 it gained status of cathedral.  

@;Arabian Science
@PEDIAIMPROVE55
Doubles science output of city.
Arabs used elements of Ancient, Byzantine and Persian science
to create the most advanced civilization of Mediterrean.


@;The Trade
@PEDIAIMPROVE56
Pays the maintenance for all city improvements which
ordinarily cost 1 gold per turn.  City improvements
requiring more than 1 gold per turn maintenance are not
affected.
Armenians, as They were inhabiting terrains through which many important
trade routes were coming through, were vitally interested in trade.
As their country was still being conquered by someone (Persians,
Romans, Byzantines, Arabs, Turks) Armenians started to emigrate.
Soon, in every big city of the East, there was an Armenian trade colony,
as Armenians learned how to use their dispersion. 
Their expansion on the south and creation of Armenian states in Cylicia 
gave them even more, as many important Cylician ports, such as Ayas, Adana, 
Coricos, belonged to them.
On the north, They have settled in large numbers on the north coasts of 
the Black Sea. From that place, they finally got to the kingdom of Poland,
exactly to the lands of Ru Czerwona (Red Russia), Woy, and Podole
(now these regions belong to Ukraina).
On the north, or on the south, They were important part of societies.
In Poland, They were for example diplomats and far-distance traders
(it was forbiden for Polish commoners to trade with foreigners, and
Jews were mostly close-distance traders), much of Them got Polish
nobility. On the South, in Egypt, They were even wezirs.           

@;The Great Citadel
@PEDIAIMPROVE57
---
The first inhabitants of ancient Aleppo chose the high hill on which the Citadel 
is currently situated, which offers a natural defense advantage, to settle and 
build their first temples. With time, this place evolved as the acropolis of the 
Hellenistic city. When the Persians attacked Northern Syria, their invasion came to 
a halt opposite the great walls of the Citadel. The Arab army of Khaled Ibn Al-Waleed 
had to use subterfuge to gain control of the citadel: a group of soldiers camouflaged 
as goats, penetrated the citadel, and opened its gates from the inside. With the Arab 
conquest of the Citadel, a new chapter in its history started. Grand architectural 
extensions and constructions transformed the Citadel into one of the most impressive 
examples of Islamic military architecture. Successive attempts by the Byzantines to 
retake the Citadel met with resounding failures. History tells us how the emperor 
Nicephore Phocas massacred 12000 Aleppine captives in front of its walls , having 
failed to overtake it by force. Saif Al- Dawala, the most glorious Sultan of the 
Hammadani dynasty, made Aleppo the capital of a large kingdom in Northern Syria, and 
lived in the Citadel that was considered his official residence. During the Crusades, 
the Franc prince of Antioch, Renaud de Chatillon /later the prince of Oultrejordain, 
this, who had provoked a war so unfortunate for Outremer.../, spent sixteen years in 
the Citadel as a prisoner. The Ayyobbies, the dynasty of Saladin, saved no money or 
effort in repairing damaged Citadel. King Az-Zaher Al-Ghazi, son of Saladin, returned 
the Citadel to its status as an official residence of Kings. Then came calamities. In 
1259 the Mongols, led by Hulagu-Khan, entered Aleppo, occupied the Citadel, and 
demolished its walls. This was followed by the great terror of Tamerlaine who ravaged 
it once more. The Citadel had to wait for the Mameluck Sultans before being repaired. 
However, the Citadel lost its strategic importancy during the Ottoman reign when 
Aleppo became an internal city within the Ottoman Empire. The Citadel was left to 
waste away slowly. In 1828, a major earthquake completed what time has not finished. 
The Citadel became a collection of semi-derelict buildings, cracked walls, and heaps 
of ruins. Like the legendary Phoenix, the Citadel rose from ashes and came back to 
life in modern day Syria. 
This Pedia text was taken from:  info@syria-online.com
                                 This text was published by Intelecom (T&D Co.)
                                 All rights reserved 1998 Syria-On-Line/Arabia-On-Line 



@;Petra
@PEDIAIMPROVE58
---
Petra is situated over the Valley of Moses /Wadi Musa/, near to the place where Moses
was supposed to create a stream by hitting a stone with his stick, on today's territory
of Jordania. It used to be the ground of Edomit tribe, which used to be, according to
Bible, the great enemy of Israelits. They called their fortress on the place of Petra
by the name of a rock, "Selo". In III century BC this territory became the ground of
Nabateans, Petra /greek: a rock/, becamed the capital of Nabatean kingdom, but it owed
its flowering only to local rulers from the end of Hellenistic epoch and location
on the trade route from India to Rhinococura /El-Arish/ and Gaza over the Mediterrean Sea, 
but it seems that already in the I century caravans started going along the ways through 
Palmyra and along the Red Sea. It caused the fall of the city, along with the Romans.
It was visited in year 18 AD by emperor Germanicus, and captured by Romans in year 106. 
Earthquake in year 363 destroyed the city walls. In XII century crusaders have built 
a fortress, but it lost its importance after capturing it by Saladin.
Petra is known for its magnificent buildings built in solid rock. They are mostly tombs,
the most known of them is El-Khazneh /"Treasury"; Beduins thought that inside, a "Faraon's
Treasure" is hidden/, but also many other interesting buildings can be found there, as 
theatre or temple of Al Uzza, Qasr el Bint, and many more.


@;Ibn Tulun's Mosque 
@PEDIAIMPROVE59
---
Builded in year 879, by Ahmad Ibn Tulun, gouvernor of Egypt, is inspirated by architecture 
of Samarra and has a little Christian conexions. The main feature of this mosque is its 
"simplicity, which doesn't quarrel with its beauty". It is mostly known for its 
characteristic spiral minaret. It follows the example of minarets of Samarra, which are 
reminding Persian pre-Moslem towers sacred to fire.     

@;Jihad!
@PEDIAIMPROVE61
Jihad is a holy Moslem war against the Evil. 
There could be two kinds of Jihad, little and big.
One of them was a war against Politeists.
Thanks to Christians' behaviour, it was at this time
often understood as war against Christians... 

@;Armenian Church
@PEDIAIMPROVE60
Counts as a Heretic Cathedral in every one of your cities.
(Decreases unhappiness caused by troops away from city by 1).
Christian church of Armenia has very early got independant
from Rome (Yes, Rome not Constantinople), but it finally got
completely separate after synod in Chalcedon, when it accepted
Monophisits' credo.


@;Asassins' Quaters
@PEDIAIMPROVE62
---
"Assasins' order", Izmaillits' sect, didn't have any army, They could only 
assasinate. But still, They were trying to get some territory for themselves. 
Thanks to Francs' agreement, they were living in Al-Ansarijja Mountans, with 
main city of Masjaf. 
From Alamut, on territory of Persia, where Assasins had their real headquaters, 
came Rashid ad-Din Sinan from Busra, "Old man from the Mountains", as new governor.     
He allied with Jerusalemians, but thanks to strange things that happened while
He was chased by Saladin, get Egyptians' neutrality.

@;Temple Of Bacchus
@PEDIAIMPROVE63
"The Temple of Bacchus, which many historians consider the best-preserved
Roman temple of its size, is part of Baalbek's immense semiruins. Its peristyle of
forty-two unfluted Corinthian columns (nineteen still standing) embraces sturdily
preserved exterior walls. The approach to the cella or worship room proclaims
grandeur with its powerful scale...The inner side walls of the nave are divided
into bays by projected Corinthian half-columns to produce a series of
superimposed niches, round-headed below, angled (pedimented) above, the
latter originally with statues. The temple was roofed with cedar trusses."
"The temple, however, is but a single aspect of the vast complex. Baalbek is
unequaled for boldness of concept and skill in utilizing Herculean masonry."

                       /G. E. Kidder Smith. Looking at Architecture. p34./
Ruins of Palmyra
@;---
@PEDIAIMPROVE64
Palmyra /called also "Tadmor"/, the city of palms, situated on a big oasis
in Syrian Desert, existed long before Romans came in. It was well-known for
its treasuries, and that's why They wanted to capture this city. The first
expedition against it was sent by Marcus Antonius, but citisents have escaped,
taking their treasures with Them. Still, till 18 year After Christ Germanicus,
sent by Tiberius, captured it, Palmyra was an independant city. This tradition
of independancy allowed city to retain some autonomy. During the Roman rules,
Palmyra became a great trade city, it was its golden times.
In sixties and seventies of the third century, gubernor of palmyra, Odenat,
and Waballat, and Zenobia, organized a new country, with capital in Palmyra,
but their high ambitions caused that emperor Aurelian destroyed it.

@;Ancient Greeks' Heritage
@PEDIAIMPROVE65
Counts as a research lab in every one of your cities; effectively
doubles your science output.

@;Basilica Of The Holy Grave
@PEDIAIMPROVE66
One extra happy citizen in each city.
First basilica, built on the most holy place for christians,
was destroyed /with all rest of Jerusalem/ by Romans after
Jewish rebel, in year 70. After second Jewish rebel /rebel
of Bar Kochba/ Jerusalem was restaurated as Roman Aelia 
Capitolina. Over the Grave Romans built forum. After edict
of Mediolanum, Christians came back to Jerusalem, and after
synod of Nicea, empress Helena and bishop Macarius built
there magnificent Church Of Resurrection /333/. This temple 
was destroyed with 1000 others by king Chosroes II and his
Persians in year 614. Although it was restaurated by emperor
Heraclius, it never retrieved all of its former beauty.
In year 638, caliph Omar entered Jerusalem and prayed in
front of basilica /Patriarch Sofronius invited him inside,
but He rejected, afraid that his fellows would want then to
transform it into mosque/. In X and century, Byzantine Empire
ruled by Macedonians, regained strengh /and some lands/. 
Byzantines, for some time, conquered north Palestine.
Caliph Hakim, afraid of Christian betrayal, destroyed all 
churches in Jerusalem, including this one. After his death,
emperor Constantine Monomach restaured it. But, half- century
later, Seljuk Turks have captured Jerusalem and basilica once 
again was devastated. 15.07.1099 Jerusalem was "liberated" by
crusaders. After 50 years, new Basilica Of The Holy Grave was
built. 
     


@PEDIAGOVT
@width=600
@title=Civilization: Governments

@PEDIAGOVT0
@width=600
@title=Civilization Government: Anarchy

@PEDIAGOVT1
@width=600
@title=Civilization Government: Despotism

@PEDIAGOVT2
@width=600
@title=Civilization Government: Western Monarchy
/Monarchy/

@PEDIAGOVT3
@width=600
@title=Civilization Government: Moslem Monarchy
/Communism/

@PEDIAGOVT4
@width=600
@title=Civilization Government: Fundamentalism

@PEDIAGOVT5
@width=600
@title=Civilization Government: Byzantine Monarchy
/Republic/

@PEDIAGOVT6
@width=600
@title=Civilization Government: Democracy

@;This line must remain at the end of this file!




















